Previous research suggests that calorie restriction and exercise may increase longevity and lower the risk of age-related diseases. Now research reports the mechanism in which exercise and calorie restriction delay aging. Scientists found that exercise and calorie restriction can reverse nerve shrinkage and alterations in synapses that occur with aging. A synapse is a connection between two nerve cells or nerves and muscles. These results may have important implications for anti-aging treatments.
The study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, investigated the reasons why calorie restriction and exercise may improve aged synapses and nerve function. Researchers at Harvard University In Cambridge, Massachusetts compared the neuromuscular junctions of young adult and aged lab mice. They allowed one month of exercise (wheel running) in aged mice and administered a life-long caloric-restricted diet in young mice. Time-lapse imaging was obtained from the mice.
The researchers found that in young mice nerve endings connect with muscle receptors, leading to healthy muscles. However, in aged mice nerve shrinkage and synaptic abnormalities led to muscle wasting (sarcopenia). Findings revealed that the calorie-restricted mice had significantly reduced age-related synaptic and motor neuron changes. The exercising mice had reduced age-related synaptic changes.
"These results demonstrate a critical effect of aging on synaptic structure and provide evidence that interventions capable of extending health span and lifespan can partially reverse these age-related synaptic changes," the study authors write.
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Taking antioxidants and other nutrients can help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals (unstable molecules that cause damage to cells) and inflammation associated with nervous system disorders, degenerative diseases and aging.
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Human embryonic stem cell technology has the therapeutic potential to replace dysfunctional human cells and tissues. However, this has been controversial because the cells are obtained from human embryos. Now research reports that Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology may reverse developmental aging in adult human cells without the use of human embryos. This discovery may help create future anti-aging therapies.
The study, published in Regenerative Medicine, investigated whether transcriptional reprograming can reverse developmental aging of normal adult human cells. Researchers at North American academic and industrial research centers genetically engineered six iPS cells lines. The iPS lines were cultured and DNA telomere length, telomerase levels and telomere gene expression were measured.
Telomeres, located at the tips of DNA chromosomes, shorten with aging and oxidative stress. The researchers found that five of the six iPS cells lines showed telomere shortening. However, one iPS cell line showed higher levels of telomerase protein and increased telomerase length.
"Prematurely aged (shortened) telomeres appears to be a common feature of iPS cells created by current pluripotency protocols," the study authors write. "However, the spontaneous appearance of lines that express sufficient telomerase activity to extend telomere length may allow the reversal of developmental aging in human cells for use in regenerative medicine."
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Although the U.S. spends the most on health care globally, the U.S. death rate is higher than Western Europe and lower income countries like Peru, Chile and Albania. Research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation reports that adult death rates are lowest in Cyprus and Iceland. The most comprehensive study of global mortality to date suggests a widening spread between the highest and lowest premature death rates.
The study, published in The Lancet, calculated death rates in 187 countries. Researchers in Australia and the University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) analyzed data from government registries, censuses and surveys from 1970 to 2010.
The researchers found that women in Cyprus and men in Iceland had the lowest risk of mortality. Men in Switzerland and women in in Zambia had the highest risk of mortality. Findings also revealed that by 2010, the U.S. mortality rank has increased from 34th to 49th for women and 41st to 45th for men. Death rates have also increased in eastern Europe and decreased in South Asia.
"The prevention of premature adult death is just as important for global health policy as the improvement of child survival," the study authors write. "Routine monitoring of adult mortality should be given much greater emphasis."
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Taking antioxidants and other nutrients can help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals (unstable molecules that cause damage to cells) and inflammation associated with degenerative diseases and aging.
Progressive Health's Revitle is a potent anti-aging supplement specifically developed to promote youthfulness, combat aging and reduce the risk for serious disease. Revitle features omega 3 fatty acids as well as green tea, cordyceps, grape seed, coenzyme Q10, NAC (n-acetyl l-cysteine), alpha lipoic acid, ginkgo biloba, hawthorne, Siberian ginseng, bilberry, and essential vitamins and minerals.
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Previous research suggests that calorie restriction may increase longevity and lower the risk of age-related diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's. Cell senescence, the stage in which a cell can no longer replicate, is a major cause of aging. Now research reports that calorie restriction may reduce cell senescence and protect telomeres. Telomeres, located at the tips of DNA chromosomes, are considered biological markers of cell aging.
The study, presented at the British Society for Research on Aging Conference in Newcastle, England, investigated the effect of calorie restriction on cell senescence. Researchers at the BBSRC Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Aging and Nutrition (CISBAN) at Newcastle University administered a calorie restricted diet to adult mice for a short period of time.
The researchers found a decrease in senescent cells in the mice's livers and intestines, where high amounts normally accumulate. Findings also revealed that telomere damage was reduced.
"It's particularly exciting that our experiments found this effect on age-related senescent cells and loss of telomeres, even when food restriction was applied to animals in later life," says researcher Professor Thomas von Zglinicki, in a news release. "This proof of principle encourages us at CISBAN in our search for interventions that might in the foreseeable future be used to combat frailty in old patients."
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Taking antioxidants and other nutrients can help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals (unstable molecules that cause damage to cells) and inflammation associated with nervous system disorders, degenerative diseases and aging.
Progressive Health's Revitle is specifically developed to promote youthfulness, combat aging and reduce the risk for serious disease. Revitle includes researched ingredients like omega 3 fatty acids, green tea, cordyceps, grape seed, coenzyme Q10, NAC (n-acetyl l-cysteine), alpha lipoic acid, ginkgo biloba, hawthorne, Siberian ginseng, bilberry, and essential vitamins and minerals.
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Sarcopenia is muscle loss often found in obese or older adults. Now research reports that low muscle mass is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The researchers suggest that sarcopenia may have negative effects on glucose (sugar) metabolism and increases insulin resistance. They conclude that good muscle mass and healthy diet are important components to prevent diabetes.
The study, published in PLoS ONE, investigated whether sarcopenia is associated with diabetes risk in obese and non-obese adults. Researchers at UCLA analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III including 14,528 participants. Muscle mass bioelectrical impedance measurement, BMI (body mass index) and blood samples were obtained from the participants.
The researchers found that sarcopenia was linked with insulin resistance in obese and non-obese participants. However, sarcopenia was associated with high blood sugar in obese subjects but not non-obese subjects. Furthermore, this association was stronger in participants younger than 60 years old.
"Sarcopenia, independent of obesity, is associated with adverse glucose metabolism, and the association is strongest in individuals under 60 years of age, which suggests that low muscle mass may be an early predictor of diabetes susceptibility," the study authors write. "Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, further research is urgently needed to develop interventions to prevent sarcopenic obesity and its metabolic consequences."
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Age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) commonly occurs in older adults causing deterioration in mental functions like memory and learning, attention and concentration, thinking and use of language. Vitamin D pathways are found in areas of the brain involved in memories and cognitive function. Now research reports that high vitamin D levels are linked to better mental function and cognitive health in older adults. These results may have important public health benefits.
The study, published in Journals of Gerontology, investigated the association between vitamin D and cognitive function. Researchers at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University in Boston, analyzed the data of 1,080 elders (ages 65 to 99 years old) receiving home care and participating in the Nutrition and Memory in Elders Study. Neuropsychological tests and vitamin D (25(OH)D) blood measurements were obtained from the participants.
The researchers found that over 65 percent of the participants had insufficient vitamin D levels. Participants with sufficient vitamin D had better executive performance than those with insufficient levels, including greater cognitive flexibility, perceptual complexity and reasoning. This finding persisted even after adjustment for other variables,
"25(OH)D was positively associated with cognitive performance, particularly with measures of executive function in this elderly population," the study authors conclude.
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]]>Previous research suggests that apple juice may boost brain function. Now research reports that apple juice may help improve behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, even in late stages of the disease. Alzheimer's occurs in older adults and causes memory loss, confusion and eventually death. About 4.5 million people now have Alzheimer's disease and the number is expected to rise to about 16 million people by 2050.
The study, published in American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias (AJADD), investigated the effect of apple juice on Alzheimer's disease symptoms. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts in Lowell, administered two 4-oz glasses of apple juice daily to 21 institutionalized patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's for one month. Alzheimer's behavioral and cognition symptoms were measured using the Neuropsychiatric inventory and Dementia Rating Scale.
The researchers found a 27 percent improvement in Alzheimer's behavioral and psychotic symptoms including delusion, agitation and anxiety, However, there was no change in cognition or day-to-day abilities.
"This pilot study suggests that apple juice may be a useful supplement, perhaps to augment pharmacological approaches, for attenuating the decline in mood that accompanies progression of AD [Alzheimer's Disease], which may also reduce caregiver burden," the study authors conclude.
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Previous studies suggest that adult muscle stem cell repair is regulated by biochemical signals including the enzyme mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, the biochemical signals do not work as effectively in old muscle stem cells. Now research reports that manipulating the MAPK enzyme in old human muscle stem cells restored the muscle's youthful regenerative ability.
The study, published in EMBO Molecular Medicine, examined the muscle cells of young and older men. Researchers from various institutions including the University of California, Berkeley, analyzed muscle tissue samples from 30 healthy young men aged 21 to 24 years old and older men aged 68 to 74 years old.
At the beginning of the study, muscle biopsies were obtained from the quadriceps (front thigh muscle) of the participants. The subjects then had the leg immobilized in a cast for two weeks. After the casts were removed, the participants lifted weights to regenerate the muscle mass. Additional muscle biopsies were obtained from the participants. The researchers also cultured the old human muscle cells and forced MAPK activation.
The researchers found that there were 50 percent fewer adult muscle stem cells in the old muscle compared to the young muscle. During exercise, the young muscle had four times more adult muscle stem cells. The old muscle also showed signs of inflammation and scar formation. However, when the old muscle cells were stimulated with MAPK, muscle regeneration was significantly increased.
"Indeed, activation of MAPK/Notch restored 'youthful' myogenic responses to satellite cells from 70-year-old humans, rendering them similar to cells from 20-year-old humans," the study authors write. "These findings strongly suggest that aging of human muscle maintenance and repair can be reversed by 'youthful' calibration of specific molecular pathways."
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Taking antioxidants and other nutrients can help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals (unstable molecules that cause damage to cells) and inflammation associated with aging.
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Inflammation is associated with aging and many chronic diseases including atherosclerosis (cholesterol-filled plaque in the arteries). Inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein and cytokines (interleukin-6) are known to be lower in older adults. Low levels of zinc are also associated with atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases. Now research reports that zinc supplementation may reduce inflammation and atherosclerosis risk.
The double-blind study, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, evaluated the effects of zinc treatment on atherosclerosis-related inflammatory markers. Researchers at the School of Medicine Wayne State University in Detroit, administered either 45 mg zinc or a placebo daily to 40 healthy subjects aged 56 to 83, for six months. Levels of inflammatory markers were obtained from the participants before and after treatment.
The researchers found that the zinc group had higher zinc concentrations, while the placebo group had unchanged zinc levels. Furthermore, the zinc group had increased antioxidant levels and reduced Inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein and interleukin-6.
"These findings suggest that zinc may have a protective effect in atherosclerosis because of its antiinflammatory and antioxidant functions," the study authors conclude.
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Telomeres, located at the tips of DNA chromosomes, shorten with aging and oxidative stress. Telomere length has been found to be a biological marker of cell aging. Previous studies suggest that chronic psychological stress may shorten telomere length in immune cells. Now research reports that short periods of exercise can protect telomeres against stress-induced damage. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly for adults.
The study, published in PLoS ONE, examined the association of exercise and psychological stress on telomere length. Nobel Prize winner Elizabeth H. Blackburn and other researchers at the University of California, San Francisco analyzed data from 63 postmenopausal women with different stress levels. Perceived Stress Scale measurements and exercise levels were obtained from the participants. DNA telomere length was extracted from the participant's blood samples.
The researchers divided the participants into an active group (engaged in 33 minutes of exercise daily) and a sedentary group. They found that the sedentary group had a 15 times greater risk of white blood cell telomere shortening for every unit increase in the Perceived Stress Scale. However, the active group did not have a change in telomere length.
"Vigorous physical activity appears to protect those experiencing high stress by buffering its relationship with telomere length," the study authors conclude. "We propose pathways through which physical activity acts to buffer stress effects."
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]]>Participants were selected from an ongoing large scale study in Italy. A total of 986 subjects over the age of 65 years were assessed for dietary antioxidants and blood levels of certain antioxidants, like tocopherols (vitamin E). Indicators of physical strength and performance like resisted knee extension, walking speed, and ability to stand up from a seated position were recorded. The results of the study demonstrated that plasma a-tocopherol was significantly correlated with knee extension (a measure of muscular strength) and physical performance score, while higher dietary intakes of vitamin C and B-carotene were significantly correlated with improved knee extension, but only higher dietary vitamin C improved physical performance.
The authors state "Our findings suggest an association between higher daily dietary intakes of vitamin C and B-carotene and skeletal muscle strength." In light of these findings and previous work indicating the preventative effect of antioxidants against oxidative aging, it would be advantageous to our elderly population if antioxidants were more routinely recommended (except, of course, in specific cases where certain nutrients may be contraindicated). This study has concluded that long-term supplementation with vitamin E and C is safe.
]]> REFERENCE:Previous studies suggest that calorie restriction can increase longevity and decrease oxidative stress (DNA damage) in a variety of species including humans. Biological signs of aging include increased levels of glucose, insulin and triglycerides. Now research reports that lowering insulin levels may increase longevity.
The study, published in the Journal of Applied Research, compared the effects of a low-carbohydrate, high fat, moderate protein diet on blood factors related to aging. Researchers at Duke University in Durham, NC and the University of Tucson in Arizona reviewed the charts of 31 overweight participants enrolled in an outpatient metabolic management program. The participants were administered a low-carbohydrate (non-starchy fibrous vegetables), high-fat (nuts, seeds, avocados, olive oil), adequate-protein (chicken, fish, eggs, soy, veggie burgers) diet and nutritional supplements. Body weight, fasting serum glucose, insulin, leptin (appetite hormone), lipids (triglycerides) and thyroid hormone (free T3) levels were obtained from the participants.
The researchers found an improvement in blood aging factors. Average insulin levels decreased by 40 percent. In addition, body weight decreased by 8 percent, fasting glucose decreased by 8 percent, serum leptin by 48 percent, free T3 by 11 percent and triglycerides by 28 percent.
"In the context of an outpatient medical clinic, a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet with nutritional supplementation led to improvements in serum factors related to the aging process" the study authors conclude. "Further research regarding this dietary approach and its relationship to aging is in order."
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Sarcopenia is muscle loss due to aging. Muscle loss typically begins in middle-age and accelerates after age 75. Now researchers have found that free radicals (toxic byproducts of metabolic functions) damage mitochondria in muscle cells, helping cause age-related muscle loss. The mitochondria is the cell's energy powerhouse, converting energy from food molecules into ATP energy for cell functions. This discovery may provide future drug therapies to prevent and treat age-related muscle loss.
The study, published in FASEB Journal, investigated the effects of oxidative stress (damage caused by free radicals) on muscle cells in lab mice. Researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Antonio, genetically engineered mice to lack an antioxidant enzyme called copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD). The antioxidant CuZnSOD helps block the formation of harmful free radicals. The scientists compared mitochondria in normal (control) mice and enzyme-deficient mice.
The researchers found that the enzyme-deficient mice had significantly increased free radical levels and decreased muscle mass, compared with the normal mice. Furthermore, the enzyme-deficient mice had reduced mitochondria function and smaller, weaker muscles than normal mice.
"Age-related muscle atrophy is a complex process and involves multiple systems," says study author Holly Van Remmen, Ph.D., associate professor at the University of Texas Health Science Center, in a news release. "There are, however, common mechanisms occurring in sarcopenia and other neuromuscular diseases. By understanding the mechanisms underlying age-related muscle atrophy and alterations at the neuromuscular junction, we should be able to gain insight that will help us to discover new therapeutic interventions."
Combat Aging with Revitle
Taking antioxidants and other nutrients can help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals (unstable molecules that cause damage to cells) and inflammation associated with nervous system disorders, degenerative diseases and aging.
Progressive Health's Revitle is specifically developed to promote youthfulness, combat aging and reduce the risk for serious disease. Revitle includes researched ingredients like omega 3 fatty acids, green tea, cordyceps, grape seed, coenzyme Q10, NAC (n-acetyl l-cysteine), alpha lipoic acid, ginkgo biloba, hawthorne, Siberian ginseng, bilberry, and essential vitamins and minerals.
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]]>Many of our important bodily functions are regulated by an internal biological clock (or circadian rhythm). Our internal biological clock regulates our sleep cycle. The disruption of circadian rhythms have been linked with accelerated aging and age-related diseases. Now research reports that a regular sleep cycle combats aging and promotes youthfulness. Earlier death and health problems are linked to the biological clock regulating the sleep cycle.
The study, published in Aging, investigated the effects of disrupted biological clock on health and lifespan in the fruit fly (Drosophilia melanogaster). Researchers at Oregon State University in Corvallis administered short-term metabolic stress to normal fruit flies (control) and fruit flies without the gene regulating the sleep cycle.
The researchers found that the fruit flies without the gene lived as long as the normal flies unless they were subjected to stress. Middle-aged and older flies without sleep genes subjected to stress had shorter lifespans than the age-matched control flies. Findings also revealed that the older flies without genes had significantly more oxidative damage, functional decline and neuronal deterioration than the age-matched control flies.
"Together, these data suggest that impaired stress defense pathways may contribute to accelerated aging in the per mutant," the study authors write. "In addition, we show that the expression of per gene declines in old wild type flies, suggesting that the circadian regulatory network becomes impaired with age."
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Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure and high blood sugar are known to increase the risk of chronic disease. Now research reports that these four preventable risk factors may cut life expectancy by more than four years. Furthermore, life expectancy may be reduced by six or seven years in disadvantaged groups.
The study, published in PLoS Medicine, examined the association of risk factors on life expectancy in the United States. Researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health and the University of Washington, reviewed data from the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the National Center for Health Statistics and epidemiological studies. They analyzed the effects of four preventable risk factors (smoking, obesity, high blood pressure and high blood sugar) on life expectancy for subgroups in the U.S. The "Eight Americas" subgroups included Asians, Northland low-income rural whites, middle America, low-income whites in Appalachia and Mississippi Valley, Western Native Americans, Black middle America, high-risk urban blacks, and Southern low-income rural blacks.
The researchers found that the four risk factors reduced life expectancy for men by 4.9 years and women by 4.1 years. In addition, the risk factors explained differences in life expectancy among the subgroups. Findings revealed that Southern rural blacks had the highest reduced life expectancy of 6.7 years for men and 5.7 years for women. Asians had the lowest reduction in life expectancy of 4.1 years for men and 3.6 years for women. Western Native American men and Southern low-income rural black women had the highest rates of obesity.
"This study demonstrates the potential of disease prevention to not only improve health outcomes in the entire nation but also to reduce the enormous disparities in life expectancy that we see in the U.S.," says senior researcher Dr. Majid Ezzati, associate professor of international health at the Harvard School of Public Health, in a press release.
Revitle Supports Life Expectancy
Taking antioxidants and other nutrients can help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals (unstable molecules that cause damage to cells) and inflammation associated with degenerative diseases and aging.
Progressive Health's Revitle is a potent anti-aging supplement specifically developed to promote youthfulness, combat aging and reduce the risk for serious disease. Revitle features omega 3 fatty acids as well as green tea, cordyceps, grape seed, coenzyme Q10, NAC (n-acetyl l-cysteine), alpha lipoic acid, ginkgo biloba, hawthorne, Siberian ginseng, bilberry, and essential vitamins and minerals.
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